ENK 350-361 212013 246 PROST OR 355 capsule and the connective type, which is connected to infrastructure or megastructure framework and is dependent on it.Based on examples of genuine and metaphorical capsule architectures, the vividness and relevance of the concept is also shown through selected pioneering and contemporary examples from the cultural environments of Slovenia and Croatia.
Experimental Architecture Peter Cook Free Public FullDiscover the worlds research 20 million members 135 million publications 700k research projects Join for free Public Full-text 1 Content uploaded by Peter enk Author content All content in this area was uploaded by Peter enk on Nov 21, 2017 Content may be subject to copyright.Rad prikazuje koncept kapsule u arhitekturi u odnosu na Modernu te drutvene i kulturne promjene nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata kao i eksperimente u okviru stambene tipologije i tehnologije graenja.
ENK The Concept of Capsule Architecture as Experiment Scientific Papers Znanstveni prilozi I NTRODUCTION - THE CONCEPT DEFINITION U VOD - D EFINICIJA KONCEPTA T he concept of the capsule, explicitly nam- ing compact, minimal, completely furnished and equipped living units, has generally been presented in architectural history in relation to the trend of megastructures and utopian radical architectural experiments with uncriti- cal faith in technological and scientific prog- ress of the 1960s. Generally known deriva- tions of the concept include capsule hotels, mainly in Japan, as well as prefabricated san- itary facilities, climate capsules as structural protection from atmospheric agents 1 or cap- sules as bordered andor controlled building complexes or territories 2, which are no longer directly related to the original concept. The origins and development of the capsule concept in architecture can be traced through theoretical concepts of modernism, the post- World War II contexts and protagonists of a distinctively technological architecture, par- ticularly in Great Britain and Japan. As early as before and during World War II, the func- tionalist approach, CIAM, endeavours to- wards prefabrication 3 in architecture with early protagonists - Le Corbusier, Gropius, Wachsmann, Prouv and others, demands for mobility and questions of subsistence minimum, especially so after the second CIAM congress in Frankfurt in 1929 4, encour- aged architects to undertake experimental practice to provide answers to questions on social and cultural change, appropriate hous- ing typology and construction technology as well as economic efficiency, thus serving as an important basis for designing radical mini- mal environments such as examples of cap- sule units. As high- lighted by Toma Brejc, although experiment carries a different connotation in science and engineering than in art 6 (which can also be said for architecture), it is in fact both inevi- table and crucial for a critical examination of the existing and the previous, which is not necessarily absolute and appropriate. Peter Cook, the experimentalist of the Archigram Group, argues that in the 20 th century there have been several occasions when science, technology and human emancipation have coincided in a way that has caused architec- ture to explode. Chasing the new in the spirit of time, the heterogeneity of modern- ism and open perception of modernity as contemporaneity and progressiveness repre- sent the experimental field that also allowed for the development of the capsule concept - not always and exclusively as a complete denial of the past, but also as a complex and critical response to it. ENK 350-361 212013 246 PROST OR 353 capsule units and the collective megastruc- ture framework. Incorporating differences, blurring the bound- aries between popular and high culture and exhibiting an interest for everyday life and authenticity provided the Independent Group with an open mode of action that went be- yond strict modernist principles. This estab- lished the foundations for the development of many experimental practices that intro- duced radical reflections on the mode of dwelling, housing, as well as living in the city and comprehension of the environment in general. It was the Smithsons House of the Future and its logic of incorporation, which is characteristic both of the Independent Group and New Brutalism, that provided the grounds for merging contemporary technology with pop culture and paved the way for the later realisation of Reyner Banhams architecture autre. In Britain, liv- ing units that were designated as capsules were designed in 1964 by members of the Ar- chigram Group, introducing vivid pop light- ness in Warren Chalks Capsule Home and the compatible Plug-in City by Peter Cook, and Cedric Price, who employed an opera- tional, technological and iconoclastic ap- proach in Potteries Thinkbelt. Archigrams early capsule units were inspired by the space capsule, which was founded on an entirely different concept and efficiency than the traditional building 10, the capsule ex- periment employing technology transfer from space engineering and car industry to respond to questions regarding construction technolo- gy and economic efficiency. ENK The Concept of Capsule Architecture as Experiment Scientific Papers Znanstveni prilozi with which to discuss the perfected industri- ally-designed prototype home - with the space capsules somewhere in the back- ground, creating the necessary rhetoric but also calling to mind the concept of totally in- terrelated parts and appliances. Similarly as in the case of the Archigram Group and at the same time in an entirely dif- ferent manner, the capsule concept in Japan relates to the nations cultural tradition, though it is reformed under the pressure of post-war social reality; founded as a response to urgent needs in fast-growing big cities in reconstruction and to ineffective spatial plan- ning, it also reflects faith in science, tech- nology and modernity of the newly defining Japan society. With regard to modern tech- nology, Japanese Metabolists 15 implemented an architecture concept that encompasses invisible tradition and enables ceaseless me- tabolist transformation of structures interre- lated with the cycle of changes in human life. The duality of permanence and transitivity is manifested in durable megastructure forma- tions of artificial land - artificial islands or massive cores with cells - living capsule units with a shorter life cycle growing out or being clipped on them. Cap- sule Declaration tackles the concept of the capsule as an envelope for protecting the liv- ing organism, as an object of mobility and lei- sure society, as a mechanism of individuality and social diversity, as a creation of a differ- ent family system founded on the individual, as an object of the individuals spiritual fulfil- ment in a Metabolist city, as a private enve- lope protecting one from unwanted informa- tion, as a characteristic product of prefabrica- tion and mass production, and as a tool against systems and uniformity. Although Kurokawas arguments about cap- sule architecture are practically philosophi- cal andor reflect social renaissance, designs of capsule architecture by Japanese pioneers can similarly be characterised within the framework of the prophecy on the inevitabil- ity of experiment, which was established by Peter Cook in Experimental Architecture in 1970. Experimental Architecture Peter Cook Trial Design BesidesThe movement was based on the philosophy of transformation and encompassed urbanism and industrial design besides architecture. In Metabolism 1960 - The Proposals for New Urbanism, the architects Kiyonori Kikutake, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Ohtaka, Noriaki (Kisho) Kurokawa, writer Noboru Ka wazoe and designer Kiyoshi Awazu presented their view of human society as a part of a continuous natu- ral entity that includes animals and plants and underlined their faith in technology as an extension of humanity. Kawazoe, et al. 1960 16 A good example are participating and winning pro- jects at competitions organised by the Shinkenchiku (Ja- pan Architect) magazine in 1966 and 1967. Nitschke, 1967: 207-216; Dahinden, 1972: 76-81, 92-97 2 1 3 7 4 6 5 8.
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